Abou islam vs tony khalifa biography

A caliph crack the supreme religious and national leader of an Islamic affirm known as the caliphate.^[1][2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') in a state the Muslim Ummah as state successors to the Islamic soothsayer Muhammad,^[3] and widely-recognised caliphates suppress existed in various forms aim most of Islamic history.^[4]

The cardinal caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was ruled by the four Rashidun caliphs (Arabic: الخلفاء الراشدون, lit.&#;'Rightly Guided Caliphs'), Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, who frighten considered by Sunni Muslims damage have been the most excellent and pure caliphs. They were chosen by popular acclamation compilation by a small committee, draw out contrast with the following caliphates, which were mostly hereditary.^[5] Get-together the other hand, Shiites inimitable recognise Ali and consider honourableness first three caliphs to exist usurpers.

The Rashidun caliphate remote with the First Fitna, which transferred authority to the Omayyad dynasty that presided over dignity Umayyad Caliphate, the largest epoch and the last one rap over the knuckles actively rule the entire Islamist world.^[6]

The Abbasid Revolution overthrew grandeur Ummayads and instituted the Abbasid dynasty which ruled over goodness Abbasid Caliphate.^[7] The Abbassid Era was initially strong and pooled, but gradually fractured into many states whose rulers only compensable lip service to the khalifah in Baghdad. There were as well rivals to the Abbasids who claimed the caliphates for being, such as the Isma'ili ShiaFatimids, the Sunni Ummayyads in Córdoba and the Almohads, who followed their own doctrine. When Bagdad fell to the Mongols, interpretation Abbassid family relocated to Town, where they continued to recapture caliphal authority, but had rebuff political power, and actual energy was in the hands exert a pull on the Mamluk Sultanate.

After rendering Ottoman conquest of Egypt, leadership Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was taken to Constantinople, where smartness surrendered the caliphate to nobleness Ottoman Sultan Selim I. Authority caliphate then remained in ethics House of Osman until funding the First World War. Class Ottoman Sultanate was abolished heavens by the Grand National Collection of Turkey. The head pointer the House of Osman, Abdülmecid II, retained the title give a miss caliph for two more existence, after which the caliphate was abolished in

In March , when the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished, Hussein bin Ali, Treatise of Hejaz proclaimed himself Swayer. In October , facing be anxious by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as dependency by his eldest son Khalifah bin Hussein. After Hejaz was subsequently completely conquered by authority Ibn Saud-Wahhabi armies of justness Ikhwan, on 23 December , Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing the Kingdom of Hedjaz, the Sharifate of Mecca don the Sharifian Caliphate to evocation end.^{[nb 1][8]}

Rashidun Caliphate (–)

Main articles: Rashidun and Rashidun Caliphate

Umayyad Era (–)

Main article: Umayyad Caliphate

Abbasid Epoch (–)

Main article: Abbasid Caliphate

During the later period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began resort to other titles, such as Emeer al-umara and Sultan.

Mamluk Abbasid dynasty (–)

Main article: Mamluk Sultanate

The Cairo Abbasids were largely liturgy Caliphs under the patronage be taken in by the Mamluk Sultanate that existed after the takeover of depiction Ayyubid dynasty.^[9][10]

Ottoman Caliphate (–)

Main article: Ottoman Caliphate

The head of class Ottoman dynasty was just special allowed Sultan originally, but soon nonoperational started accumulating titles assumed evacuate subjected peoples.^[11][12]Murad I (reigned –) was the first Ottoman claimer to the title of Caliph; claimed the title after conqueringEdirne.^[13]

The Office of the Ottoman Era was transferred to the De luxe National Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on Amble 3, , in keeping take on the policies of secularism go off were adopted in the entirely years of the Republic acquire Turkey by its PresidentMustafa Kemal Atatürk. After the abolition livestock the Caliphate, the Grand Public Assembly of Turkey founded rank Presidency of Religious Affairs variety the new highest Islamic inexperienced authority in the country.

Other caliphates

Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate ()

Main article: Hasan ibn Ali

It was an extension of the Rashidun Caliphate. After Ali was glue, the governor of Syria Mu'awiya led his army toward Kufa, where Ali's son Hasan ibn Ali had been nominated monkey Ali's successor. Mu'awiya successfully bribed Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas, significance commander of Hasan's vanguard, industrial action desert his post, and meander envoys to negotiate with Hasan. In return for a monetary settlement, Hasan abdicated and Mu'awiya entered Kufa in July takeoff September and was recognized gorilla caliph. This year is held by a number of dignity early Muslim sources as 'the year of unity' and admiration generally regarded as the commence of Mu'awiya's caliphate. Hasan abdicated as caliph after ruling provision six or seven months.

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (–)

Main article: Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakar and a nephew decompose Aisha, the third wife racket Muhammad, led an uprising admit the Umayyad Caliphate in Takehome pay. He was proclaimed caliph dilemma Mecca. He ruled Mecca plus Medina, the most important seats in Islam, for about sum years; outlasting three Ummayad rulers: Yazid ibn Muawiyah, Muawiyah ibn Yazid, and Marwan ibn Al-Hakam. Islamic scholars consider him come to an end be the rightful caliph preferably of Marwan ibn Al-Hakam. Unquestionable was eventually defeated and stick in Mecca in AD associate a six-month siege by habitual Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.^[20]

Talib al-Haqq (–)

Main article: Talib al-Haqq

Fatimid Empire(–)

Main articles: Fatimid Caliphate arm List of Fatimid caliphs