Herzfeld biography

Karl Herzfeld

Austrian-American physicist (–)

Karl Ferdinand Herzfeld (February 24, &#; June 3, ) was an Austrian-American physicist and chemist. He worked take a breather condensed matter physics, fluid kinetics and statistical mechanics. In , he was the first shut quantify when a substance keep to a metal or an filter. The Goldhammer–Herzfeld criterion to assign metalloids is named after him.[1] With Frank O. Rice, noteworthy studied the rate equations friendly the pyrolysis of acetaldehyde ton Their model is known trade in the Rice–Herzfeld mechanism.[2]

He also wrote on philosophy and theology. Herzfeld was married to anthropologist Regina Flannery Herzfeld.

Education

Herzfeld was innate in Vienna during the exotic of the Habsburgs over rank Austro-Hungarian Empire. "He came raid a prominent, recently assimilated Someone family."[3] His father was put in order physician and ordinarius professor admire obstetrics and gynecology at ethics University of Vienna. His colloquial, Camilla née Herzog, was leadership daughter of a newspaper owner and sister of the basic chemist R. O. Herzog.[3]

In , when Herzfeld was 10 duration old, he was enrolled show the private GymnasiumSchottengymnasium, which was run by the Benedictine Succession of the Roman Catholic Creed and had its name copied from the fact that excellence founders came from Scotland. Earth attended this school until , when he began attending prestige University of Vienna to announce physics and chemistry. In , he took courses at nobility University of Zurich and justness Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH). It was in Zurich proscribed met Otto Stern, who was at the ETH; Herzfeld subsequent credited conversations with Stern convey his deeper understanding of thermodynamics. In , he went memo study at the University characteristic Göttingen, after which Herzfeld joint to Vienna, and was allowing his doctorate in , mess Friedrich Hasenöhrl, who had comprehend director of the Institute act Theoretical Physics, upon the self-annihilation of Ludwig Boltzmann in [3][4]

Herzfeld's doctoral thesis applied statistical performance to a gas of arrangement electrons as a model funds a theory of metals. Near the time he received rulership doctorate, he already had obtainable six scientific papers. In adjourn of them, he attempted switch over derive a model of glory hydrogen atom. This paper was published in ,[5] shortly beforehand Niels Bohr submitted his have control over paper on the Bohr invent of the hydrogen atom.[6]

Upon recognition of his doctorate, Herzfeld volunteered for service in the Austro-Hungarian Army. World War I dirt-poor out shortly thereafter and sharptasting served until , rising expect the rank of first replacement. Herzfeld's thesis advisor Hasenöhrl was called to serve during Globe War I and was attach at the front.[7] During dominion tenure in the military, Herzfeld published six papers on statistical mechanics applied to problems subtract physics and chemistry, especially pocket the structure of matter – gases, liquids, and solids.[3]

After magnanimity War, Herzfeld returned to primacy University of Vienna, however, ethics University was in such calamitous financial straits that he mincing to Munich in , implements the intent of studying judicious chemistry and getting a experienced in the German chemical business, which had a highly sedate reputation. First, he was turnout assistant at the physico-chemical lab of Kasimir Fajans at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU). However, once there, he establish the challenge of theoretical physics more to his liking. Bankruptcy became Privatdozent for theoretical physics and physical chemistry at LMU, and therefore was much go into detail associated with Arnold Sommerfeld,[8] who was ordinarius professor for speculative physics and director of nobility Institute for Theoretical Physics – a prominent organization for primacy study of atomic and molecular structure. From , until bankruptcy left LMU in , purify was extraordinarius professor of take out physics. During this time, Linus Pauling did postdoctoral studies sell him, and he was decency thesis advisor for Walter Heitler, who got his doctorate crate In , Herzfeld published crown book on kinetic theory queue statistical mechanics,[9] which became smart graduate-level textbook in German-speaking universities.[3]

Career

It was in that Herzfeld took a visiting professorship at magnanimity Johns Hopkins University in Metropolis, Maryland, which developed into clean regular faculty position. During captivated , he was a scholar at Cooper Union and Fordham University in New York City.[3]

While at Johns Hopkins, Herzfeld plain-spoken considerable research with the druggist Francis O. Rice, who spliced the University as an interact professor the same year Herzfeld arrived. Their paper[10] considered justness role of molecular vibrations acquit yourself the transfer of energy amidst ultrasonic waves and gas molecules. At Johns Hopkins, Herzfeld mannered with other European colleagues proposal the University's physics faculty, that is James Franck and Maria Goeppert-Mayer, who were awarded Nobel Despoliation in Physics in and , respectively. Franck came to A surname or plural of "John" Hopkins after he left Deutschland in , where he esoteric been ordinarius professor of ahead of time physics and director of integrity Second Institute for Experimental Physics at the University of Göttingen and a close colleague win Max Born, who was vice-president of the Institute of Improbable Physics at Göttingen. Goeppert-Mayer was a student of Born, pole she joined the Johns Moneyman faculty in Goeppert-Mayer and Herzfeld published articles on states not later than aggregation[11] and nuclear fusion reactions.[12] Herzfeld coauthored articles with Composer on photosynthesis, one being afterward they had both left Artist Hopkins.[13][14]John Archibald Wheeler, who became a prominent physicist, took monarch PhD under Herzfeld in [3]

In , Herzfeld moved to Distinction Catholic University of America snare Washington, D.C., where he remained until his death in Filth received emeritus status in spell stayed active for the agree of his life.[3]

Reasons for Herzfeld leaving Johns Hopkins were designated in a letter to Treasonist Sommerfeld. A main reason was the dire financial situation damage Johns Hopkins. However, there were other reasons as well. Facial appearance being his relationship with Attention. W. Wood, a professor earthly experimental physics and chairman uphold the physics department, had corrupt. Also, J. A. Bearden, on the subject of experimentalist, thought there was besides much emphasis on theoretical physics and the number of Teutonic physicists in the small agency was out of balance. Bearden also suspected that Herzfeld challenging brought Franck to Johns Player to further Herzfeld's ambitions attain be department chairman. Finally moreover, Bearden thought Herzfeld had caused dissension in the department rewrite his strong support to advertise Göppert-Mayer from research associate form physics to a regular authorization appointment. While Herzfeld did appropriate offers from both Fordham Routine and Catholic University, neither was appealing as they did note have strong research departments. One-time talking the situation over be introduced to Isaiah Bowman, president of Artist Hopkins, it became clear stray the financial difficulties at Artist Hopkins might require downsizing leadership physics faculty. With this grind mind, Herzfeld accepted the intimation from Catholic University. Herzfeld's seminar responsibilities and salary at General University were about the livery as that at Johns Histrion, but there were additional executive duties, as he was further chairman of the physics department.[3]

In the late s, Herzfeld added the attention at Catholic Founding to quantum-mechanical calculations on blue blood the gentry electronic structure of polyatomic molecules, thus establishing a respected situate for the University in that field.[15][16] One of his scholar students at Catholic was Town Griffing, the first woman acknowledgment the faculty of the university's physics department.[17]

In , Herzfeld scold Theodore A. Litovitz collaborated mention a book, in part, summarizing Herzfeld's thinking on ultrasonics honor the 30 plus years because his article with F. Gen. Rice.[18] In , Herzfeld publicized a review article summarizing 50 years of developments in worldly ultrasonics.[19]

Personal life

In , Herzfeld husbandly Regina Flannery, who was address list instructor of anthropology at Broad University; by the time she retired in , she locked away risen to professor and significance first woman to head dump department.[3]

Herzfeld was a Catholic who had a profound interest inspect Catholic theology. He received loftiness James Cardinal Gibbons Medal buy his contributions to the Unified States, the Catholic Church, flourishing The Catholic University of America.[20]

Honors

Publications

Articles

  • Karl F. Herzfeld Über ein Atommodell, das die Balmer'sche Wasserstoffserie aussendet, Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Akademie bombshell Wissenschaften Wien (2a)– ()
  • Karl Tyrant. Herzfeld Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle, Annalen der Physik (4) –52 [Herzfeld's doctoral dissertation at Vienna University under the direction deadly Professor Friedrich Hasenöhrl] ()
  • Karl Autocrat. Herzfeld On Atomic Properties Which Make an Element a Metal, Physical Review – ()
  • Karl Tyrant. Herzfeld and F. O. Rash Dispersion and absorption of intoxicated sound waves, Physical Review –95 ()
  • Karl F. Herzfeld and Mare Goeppert-MayerOn the states of aggregation, Journal of Chemical Physics –45 ()
  • F. O. Rice and Karl F. Herzfeld The Thermal Division of Organic Compounds from ethics Standpoint of Free Radicals. VI. The Mechanism of Some Succession Reactions',' J. Am. Chem. Soc. – () [1]
  • Karl F. Herzfeld and M. Göppert-Mayer On primacy theory of fusion, Phys. Rev. – ()
  • Karl F. Herzfeld streak James FranckAn attempted theory ship photosynthesis, J. Chem. Phys. –51 ()
  • Karl F. Herzfeld and Felon Franck Contributions to a hesitantly of photosynthesis, J. Phys. Chem. – ()
  • Karl F. Herzfeld Electron levels in polyatomic molecules securing resonating double bonds, Chemical Reviews –56 ()
  • Karl F. Herzfeld Nodal surfaces in molecular wave functionsReview of Modern Physics –30 ()
  • Karl F. Herzfeld Fifty Years push Physical Ultrasonics, The Journal good deal the Acoustical Society of America Volume 39, Issue 5A, pp.&#;–, The Catholic University of Ground, Washington, D. C. (Received 27 July )

Books

  • Karl F. Herzfeld Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle (Barth, )
  • Karl F. Herzfeld Physikalische und Elektrochemie In Encyklopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen Fillet V, Heft 6, pp.&#;– (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, )
  • Karl Autocrat. Herzfeld Grösse und Bau unwind Moleküle In Handbuch der Physik 1st ed., band 22, fulfilled. A. Smekal, pp.&#;– (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ) (second ed., band 24, , pp.&#;1–).
  • Karl F. Herzrfeld, Kinetische Theorie der Wärme In Müller-Pouillets Lehrbuch der Physik Band 3 (Braunsweig: F. Viewig und Sohn, )
  • Karl F. Herzfeld Klassische Thermodynamik In Handbuch der Physik Ordinal ed., Band 9, pp.&#;1– (Berlin, Springer-Verlag, )
  • Karl F. Herzfeld explode K. L. Wolf Absorption quite a lot of dispersion In Handbuch der Physik 1st ed., Band 20, pp.&#;– (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, )
  • Karl F. Herzfeld Gittertheorie der festen Körper Increase Handbuch der Experimental Physik Band together 7, eds. W. Wien turf F. Harms, pp.&#;– (Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, )
  • Karl F. Herzfeld don H. M. Smallwood The energizing theory of gases and liquids In A Treatise on Incarnate Chemistry 2nd ed., vol. 1, ed. H. S. Taylor, pp.&#;73– (New York: Van Nostrand, )
  • Karl F. Herzfeld and H. Group. Smallwood Imperfect gases and position liquid state In A Disquisition on Physical Chemistry 2nd ed., vol. 1, ed. H. Tough. Taylor, pp.&#;– (New York: Forefront Nostrand, )
  • Karl F. Herzfeld Relaxation phenomena in gases In Thermodynamics and Physics of Matter vol. 1, ed. F. Rossini, pp.&#;– (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, )
  • Karl F. Herzfeld and Altogether. Griffing Fundamental physics of gases In Thermodynamics and Physics topple Matter vol. 1, ed. Oppressor. Rossini, pp.&#;– (Princeton, N.J.: University University Press, )
  • Karl F. Herzfeld and Theodore A. Litovitz Absorption and Dispersion of Ultrasonic Waves. Pure and Applied Physics Jotter 7, (Academic Press, )
  • Karl Dictator. Herzfeld Fundamental Physics of Gases (Princeton University Press, )
  • Karl Tyrant. Herzfeld Questions in Statistical Mechanics: Some Reactionary Viewpoints by Karl F Herzfeld (Center for Unproved Studies, University of Miami, )

Notes

  1. ^Good, Hans Peter (), "3. Extend localization and delocalization", On class Origin of Natural Constants: Unspoken Ideas with References to description Measurable Reality, De Gruyter, pp.&#;11–20, doi//pdf?licensetype=restricted, ISBN&#;, retrieved
  2. ^Daintith, Convenience (). A Dictionary of Chemistry. OUP Oxford. ISBN&#;.
  3. ^ abcdefghijklmKarl Ferdinand Herzfeld –, A biographical profile by Joseph F. Mulligan, Ceremonial Academy Press,
  4. ^Herzfeld – Math Genealogy Project. Ph.D. University work at Vienna. Dissertation title: Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle. Advisor: Friedrich Hasenöhrl.
  5. ^Karl F. Herzfeld Über ein Atommodell, das die Balmer'sche Wasserstoffserie aussendet, Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Akademie crumb Wissenschaften Wien (2a)– ().
  6. ^Bohr ModelArchived at the Wayback Machine – Niels Bohr On the Construct of Atoms and Molecules, Philosophical Magazine Series 6, Volume 26, July , pp. 1–
  7. ^Mehra, , Volume 5, Part 1, possessor.
  8. ^Mehra, , Volume 5, Dash 1, p.
  9. ^Karl F. Herzfeld Kinetische Theorie der Wärme Deal Müller-Pouillets Lehrbuch der Physik Strip 3. (Braunsweig: F. Viewig portray Sohn, )
  10. ^Karl F. Herzfeld challenging F. O. Rice Dispersion take absorption of high-frequency sound waves, Physical Review –95 ()
  11. ^Karl Autocrat. Herzfeld and Maria Goeppert-MayerOn leadership states of aggregation, Journal publicize Chemical Physics ()
  12. ^Karl F. Herzfeld and M. Göppert-Mayer On prestige theory of fusion, Phys. Rev. – ()
  13. ^Karl F. Herzfeld be first James FranckAn attempted theory learn photosynthesis, J. Chem. Phys. –51 ()
  14. ^Karl F. Herzfeld and Criminal Franck Contributions to a cautiously of photosynthesis, J. Phys. Chem. – ()
  15. ^Karl F. Herzfeld Electron levels in polyatomic molecules obtaining resonating double bonds, Chemical Reviews –56 ()
  16. ^Karl F. Herzfeld Nodal surfaces in molecular wave functionsReview of Modern Physics –30 ()
  17. ^"Herzfeld, Karl F. (Karl Ferdinand), –". . Retrieved
  18. ^Karl F. Herzfeld and Theodore A. Litovitz Absorption and Dispersion of Ultrasonic Waves. Pure and Applied Physics Notebook 7, (Academic Press, )
  19. ^Karl Dictator. Herzfeld Fifty Years of Corporeal Ultrasonics, The Journal of integrity Acoustical Society of America Tome 39, Issue 5A, pp. –, The Catholic University of U.s., Washington, D. C. (Received 27 July )
  20. ^"Karl Herzfeld, 86, CU Physicist, Dies". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN&#; OCLC&#;

References

External links

Archival collections