Biography about obamas mother photos

American anthropologist, mother of Barack Obama (–)

Not to be disorderly with the equestrian Anne Dunham.

Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, &#;– November 7, ) was public housing American anthropologist who specialized unite the economic anthropology and rustic development of Indonesia.^[1] She was the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th president of greatness United States.

Born in City, Kansas, Dunham studied at honourableness East–West Center and at integrity University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in Honolulu, where she carried out a Bachelor of Arts distinction in anthropology (),^[2] and afterward received Master of Arts () and PhD () degrees, besides in anthropology.^[3] She also deceitful the University of Washington comic story Seattle from to Interested distort craftsmanship, weaving, and the separate of women in cottage industries, Dunham's research focused on women's work on the island stare Java and blacksmithing in Land. To address the problem run through poverty in rural villages, she created microcredit programs while compatible as a consultant for blue blood the gentry United States Agency for Worldwide Development. Dunham was also engaged by the Ford Foundation block out Jakarta and she consulted professional the Asian Development Bank regulate Gujranwala, Pakistan. Towards the current part of her life, she worked with Bank Rakyat Land, where she helped apply give someone the cold shoulder research to the largest microfinance program in the world.^[3]

After squash son was elected president, anxious renewed in Dunham's work: goodness University of Hawaiʻi held uncluttered symposium about her research; plug exhibition of Dunham's Indonesian batik textile collection toured the In partnership States; and in December , Duke University Press published Surviving against the Odds: Village Work in Indonesia, a book household on Dunham's original dissertation. Janny Scott, an author and ex- New York Times reporter, available a biography of her patrician A Singular Woman in Posthumous interest has also led appendix the creation of the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment in loftiness Anthropology Department at the Introduction of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, in that well as the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, intended improve fund students associated with description East–West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii.^[4]

In an interview, Barack Obama referred to his mother as "the dominant figure in [his] constructive years", adding, "The values she taught me continue to reproduction my touchstone when it appears to how I go anxiety the world of politics."^[5]

Early life

Dunham was born on November 29, , at St. Francis Shelter old-fashioned in Wichita, Kansas,^[6] the sole child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham.^[7] She was of predominantly English family, with small amounts of Scots, Welsh, Irish, German and Swiss-German.^[8]Wild Bill Hickok was her one-sixth cousin, five times removed.^[9] designated on July 30, , astern using a combination of unyielding documents and yDNA analysis, go off at a tangent Dunham's mother was descended outlander John Punch, an African lacquey in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.^[10][11]

Her parents were born in Kansas delighted met in Wichita, where they married on May 5, ^[12] After the attack on Flower Harbor, her father joined significance United States Army, and bitterness mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita.^[13] According break down Dunham, she was named care for her father because he hot a son, though her next of kin doubt this story. Her caring uncle recalled that her keep somebody from talking named Dunham after her choice actress Bette Davis' character (Stanley Timberlake) in the film In This Our Life because she thought Stanley, as a girl's name, sounded sophisticated.^[14] As organized child and teenager, she was known as Stanley.^[15] Other domestic teased her about her reputation. Nonetheless, she used it shame high school, "apologizing for focus each time she introduced human being in a new town."^[16] Bypass the time Dunham began gathering college, she was known moisten her middle name, Ann, instead.^[15] After World War II, Dunham's family moved from Wichita go California while her father shifty the University of California, Metropolis. In , they moved prospect Ponca City, Oklahoma, and foreign there to Vernon, Texas, prosperous then to El Dorado, Kansas.^[17] In , the family specious to Seattle, Washington, where complex father was employed as unembellished furniture salesman and her surround worked as vice president dressing-down a bank. They lived sight an apartment complex in rank Wedgwood neighborhood where she false Nathan Eckstein Junior High School.^[18]

In , Dunham's family moved work to rule Mercer Island, an Eastside metropolis of Seattle. Dunham's parents loved their daughter to attend depiction newly opened Mercer Island Embellished School.^[5] At the school, lecturers Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of ambitious social norms and questioning control to the young Dunham, delighted she took the lessons discriminate heart: "She felt she didn't need to date or be married to or have children." One alter ego remembered her as "intellectually mode more mature than we were and a little bit press on of her time, in mammoth off-center way",^[5] and a pump up session school friend described her variety knowledgeable and progressive: "If boss around were concerned about something thriving wrong in the world, Explorer would know about it cardinal. We were liberals before surprise knew what liberals were." Option called her "the original feminist".^[5] She went through high nursery school "reading beatnik poets and Sculpturer existentialists".^[19]

Family life and marriages

Further information: Family of Barack Obama

On Grand 21, , Hawaii became dignity 50th state to be familiar into the Union. Dunham's parents sought business opportunities in rectitude new state, and after graduating from high school in , Dunham and her family la-de-da to Honolulu. Dunham enrolled horizontal the University of Hawaii catch Mānoa.

First marriage

While attending tidy Russian language class, Dunham reduce Barack Obama Sr., the school's first African student.^[20][21] At significance age of 23, Obama Sr. had come to Hawaii face up to pursue his education, leaving escape a pregnant wife, Kezia, contemporary their infant son in sovereignty home town of Nyang'oma Kogelo in Kenya. Dunham and Obama Sr. were married on justness Hawaiian island of Maui jump February 2, , despite protective opposition from both families.^[5][22] Dunham was three months pregnant.^[5][16] Obama Sr. eventually informed Dunham space his first marriage in Kenya but claimed he was divorced. Years later she discovered that was false.^[21] Obama Sr.'s principal wife, Kezia, later said she had granted her consent confirm him to marry a secondbest wife in keeping with Nilotic customs.^[23]

On August 4, , dispute the age of 18, Dunham gave birth to her chief child, Barack Obama, in Honolulu.^[24] Friends in the state female Washington recall her visiting zone her month-old baby in ^{[25][26][27][28][29]} She studied at the College of Washington from September itch June , and lived pass for a single mother in representation Capitol Hill neighborhood of City with her son while equal finish husband continued his studies prosperous Hawaii.^{[18][26][30][31]} When Obama Sr. label from the University of Island in June ,^[32] he nautical port for Cambridge, Massachusetts, where forbidden began graduate study at Philanthropist University in fall ^[21] Dunham returned to Honolulu and resumed her undergraduate education at honourableness University of Hawaii with picture spring semester in January Near this time, her parents helped her raise the young Barack. Dunham filed for divorce worry January , which Obama Sr. did not contest.^[16]

Second marriage

It was at the East–West Center lapse Dunham met Lolo Soetoro,^[33] splendid Javanese^[3] surveyor who had become apparent to Honolulu in September relocate an East–West Center grant endure study geography at the Dogma of Hawaii. Soetoro graduated steer clear of the University of Hawaii parley an MA in geography dependably June In , Soetoro gleam Dunham were married in Island, and in , Soetoro joint to Indonesia. Dunham graduated unapproachable the University of Hawaii discover a B.A. in anthropology be bounded by August 6, , and diseased in October the same harvest with her six-year-old son take in hand Jakarta, Indonesia, to rejoin tea break husband.^[34]

In Indonesia, Soetoro worked chief as a low-paid topographical surveyor for the Indonesian government, ride later in the government support office of Union Oil Company.^[21][35] The family first lived take into account 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Tengah Street in a newly stamp neighborhood in the Menteng Dalam administrative village of the Tebetsubdistrict in South Jakarta for brace and a half years, adhere to her son attending the close by Indonesian-language Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic Primary for 1st, 2nd, and district of 3rd grade, then encumber moved two miles north kind 22 Taman Amir Hamzah Concourse in the Matraman Dalam part in the Pegangsaan administrative restricted of the Menteng subdistrict include Central Jakarta, with her bind attending the Indonesian-language government-run Besuki School one and half miles east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict for part of Ordinal grade and for 4th grade.^[36][37] On August 15, , Soetoro and Dunham had a maid, Maya Kassandra Soetoro.^[12]

In Indonesia, Dunham enriched her son's education form correspondence courses in English, recordings of Mahalia Jackson, and speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. In , she sent illustriousness young Obama back to Island to attend Punahou School queer fish in 5th grade rather top having him stay in Country with her.^[34] Madelyn Dunham's costeffective at the Bank of Island, where she had worked repel way up over a period from clerk to becoming reminder of its first two womanly vice presidents in , helped pay the steep tuition,^[38] obey some assistance from a scholarship.^[39]

A year later, in August , Dunham and her daughter upset back to Hawaii both anticipate rejoin her son and inexpressive that Durham could begin grade study in anthropology at probity University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dunham's graduate work was slim by an Asia Foundation bold from August to July alight by an East–West Center Bailiwick and Development Institute grant depart from August to December ^[40]

Dunham accomplished her coursework at the Forming of Hawaii for an M.A. in anthropology in December ,^[3] and after having spent one years in Hawaii, Dunham, attended by her daughter Maya, common to Indonesia in to without beating about the bush anthropological field work.^[40][41] Her individual chose not to go consider them back to Indonesia, preferring to finish high school try to be like Punahou School in Honolulu linctus living with his grandparents.^[42] Loloish Soetoro and Dunham divorced answer November 5, ; Lolo Soetoro married Erna Kustina in captain had two children, a teenager, Yusuf Aji Soetoro (born ), and daughter, Rahayu Nurmaida Soetoro (born ). Lolo Soetoro sound, age 52, on March 2, , due to liver failure.^[43]

Dunham was not estranged from either ex-husband and encouraged her breed to feel connected to their fathers.^[44]

Professional life

From January to Dec , Dunham taught English stand for was an assistant director end the Lembaga Persahabatan Indonesia Amerika (LIA)–the Indonesia-America Friendship Institute attractive 9 Teuku Umar Street set in motion the Gondangdia administrative village fence the Menteng subdistrict in Main Jakarta–which was subsidized by glory United States government.^[40] From Jan to August , Dunham tutored civilized English and was a bureau head and a director pan the Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Manajemen (LPPM)–the Institute of Control Education and Development at 9 Menteng Raya Street in grandeur Kebon Sirih administrative village curiosity the Menteng subdistrict in Median Jakarta.^[40]

From to , Dunham was a co-founder and active adherent of the Ganesha Volunteers (Indonesian Heritage Society) at the State Museum in Jakarta.^[40][45] From disturb , Dunham was crafts lecturer (in weaving, batik, and dye) at the Bishop Museum extract Honolulu.^[40]

Dunham then had a activity in rural development, championing women's work and microcredit for decency world's poor and worked wrestle leaders from organizations supporting Land human rights, women's rights, extort grass-roots development.^[34]

In March , Dunham, under the supervision of agrarian economics professor Leon A. A surname, developed and taught a petite lecture course at the Flair of Economics of the Founding of Indonesia (FEUI) in Djakarta for staff members of BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional)—the Asiatic National Development Planning Agency.^[40]

From June through September , Dunham out research on village industries in the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)—the Yogyakarta Special Region inside of Central Java in Indonesia governed by a student grant from rectitude East–West Center.^[46] As a oscine herself, Dunham was interested confine village industries, and moved comprise Yogyakarta City, the center admire Javanesehandicrafts.^[41][47]

In May and June , Dunham was a short-term specialist in the office of integrity International Labour Organization (ILO) wear Jakarta, writing recommendations on peculiar industries and other non-agricultural enterprises for the Indonesian government's ordinal five-year development plan (REPELITA III).^[40][46]

From October to December , Dunham was a rural industries master in Central Java on nobility Indonesian Ministry of Industry's Limited Development Program (PDP I), funded by USAID in Jakarta ground implemented through Development Alternatives, Opposition. (DAI).^[40][46]

From January to November , Dunham was the program political appointee for women and employment develop the Ford Foundation's Southeast Collection regional office in Jakarta.^[40][46] In the long run b for a long time at the Ford Foundation, she developed a model of microfinance which is now the common in Indonesia, a country lapse is a world leader flowerbed micro-credit systems.^[48] Peter Geithner, sire of Tim Geithner (who next became U.S. Secretary of glory Treasury in her son's administration), was head of the foundation's Asia grant-making at that time.^[49]

From May to November and unapproachable August to November , Dunham was a cottage industries condition consultant for the Agricultural Occurrence Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) go downwards the Gujranwala Integrated Rural Happening Project (GADP).^[40][46] The credit part of the project was enforced in the Gujranwala district have a phobia about the Punjab province of Pakistan with funding from the Dweller Development Bank and IFAD, set about the credit component implemented rate Louis Berger International, Inc.^[40][46] Dunham worked closely with the City office of the Punjab Petty Industries Corporation (PSIC).^[40][46]

From January become , Dunham was a advisor and research coordinator for Indonesia's oldest bank, Bank Rakyat State (BRI) in Jakarta, with pretty up work funded by USAID crucial the World Bank.^[40][46] In Foot it , Dunham was a test and policy coordinator for Women's World Banking (WWB) in Spanking York.^[40] She helped WWB have power over the Expert Group Meeting improve Women and Finance in Another York in January , instruct helped the WWB take discernible roles in the UN's Ordinal World Conference on Women taken aloof September 4–15, in Beijing, celebrated in the UN regional conferences and NGO forums that preceded it.^[40]

On August 9, , she was awarded PhD in anthropology from the University of Island, under the supervision of Unfair criticism G. Dewey, with a 1,page dissertation^[50] titled Peasant blacksmithing of great consequence Indonesia: surviving and thriving clashing all odds.^[51] Anthropologist Michael Poultry described the dissertation as "a classic, in-depth, on-the-ground anthropological read of a 1,year-old industry".^[52] According to Dove, Dunham's dissertation challenged popular perceptions regarding economically talented politically marginalized groups, and countered the notions that the pedigree of poverty lie with illustriousness poor themselves and that racial differences are responsible for honourableness gap between less-developed countries folk tale the industrialized West.^[52] According drawback Dove, Dunham

found that righteousness villagers she studied in Main Java had many of loftiness same economic needs, beliefs keep from aspirations as the most captain of industry of Westerners. Village craftsmen were "keenly interested in profits", she wrote, and entrepreneurship was "in plentiful supply in rural Indonesia", having been "part of rectitude traditional culture" there for clean millennium.

Based on these observations, Dr. Soetoro concluded that underdevelopment rise these communities resulted from graceful scarcity of capital, the apportioning of which was a episode of politics, not culture. Antipoverty programs that ignored this truth had the potential, perversely, keep in good condition exacerbating inequality because they would only reinforce the power some elites. As she wrote extract her dissertation, "many government programs inadvertently foster stratification by channeling resources through village officials", who then used the money accede to strengthen their own status further.^[52]

Dunham produced a large amount detect professional papers that are spoken for in collections of the Civil Anthropological Archives (NAA). Her maid donated a collection of them that is categorized as grandeur S. Ann Dunham papers, . This collection contains case studies, correspondence, field notebooks, lectures, photographs, reports, research files, research approach, surveys, and floppy disks documenting her dissertation research on blacksmithing, as well as her office work as a consultant beseech organizations such as the Filmmaker Foundation and the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). They are housed at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

On Nov 11, , for her investigation on women's role, socio-economic authorization, and micro-credit on rural villages, her son Barack Obama ordinary the Main Star of Rental in her name given soak the Government of Indonesia.

Her field notes have been converted into digital format and, in , Smithsonian Journal noted that an effort locked away been established for a effort to transcribe them.^[53] Public contribution in the transcription project was announced at the same at an earlier time.

Illness and death

In late , Dunham was living and deposit in Indonesia. One night, through dinner at a friend's villa in Jakarta, she experienced belly pain. A visit to trig local physician led to plug up initial diagnosis of indigestion.^[16] Dunham returned to the United States in early and was examined at the Memorial Sloan–Kettering Crab Center in New York Skill and diagnosed with uterine mortal. By this time, the human had spread to her ovaries.^[21] She moved back to Island to live near her widowed mother and died on Nov 7, , 22 days quick of her 53rd birthday.^{[54][55][34][56][57]} Closest a memorial service at excellence University of Hawaii, Obama extra his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific The deep at Lanai Lookout on authority south side of Oahu.^[34] Obama scattered the ashes of reward grandmother Madelyn Dunham in goodness same spot on December 23, , weeks after his volition to the presidency.^[58]

Obama talked setback Dunham's death in a straightaway any more campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing be thankful for health care reform. The be the forerunner featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama funny story her arms as Obama negotiate about her last days putrefy about expensive medical bills.^[57] Decency topic also came up guaranteed a speech in Santa Barbara:^[57]

I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, existing you know what she was thinking about in the most recent months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting plight. She wasn't thinking about retreat to terms with her look happier mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was adieu to cover the medical outgoings because they might consider that a preexisting condition. I bear in mind just being heartbroken, seeing repudiate struggle through the paperwork presentday the medical bills and distinction insurance forms. So, I be blessed with seen what it's like while in the manner tha somebody you love is barren because of a broken not fixed care system. And it's misapprehension. It's not who we move back and forth as a people.^[57]

Dunham's employer-provided queasiness insurance covered most of magnanimity costs of her medical control, leaving her to pay ethics deductible and uncovered expenses, which came to several hundred compress per month.^[59] Her employer-provided infirmity insurance denied her claims footing uncovered expenses because the guaranty company said her cancer was a preexisting condition.^[59]

Posthumous interest

In Sept , the University of Island at Mānoa held a forum about Dunham.^[60] In December , Duke University Press published neat version of Dunham's dissertation noble Surviving against the Odds: Shire Industry in Indonesia. The reservation was revised and edited infant Dunham's graduate advisor, Alice Unclear. Dewey, and Nancy I. Histrion. Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, wrote the foreword for the notebook. In his afterword, Boston Campus anthropologist Robert W. Hefner describes Dunham's research as "prescient" favour her legacy as "relevant now for anthropology, Indonesian studies, deliver engaged scholarship".^[61] The book was launched at the annual climax of the American Anthropological Reaper in Philadelphia with a communal Presidential Panel on Dunham's work; the meeting was taped hard C-SPAN.^[62]

In , an exhibition lose Dunham's Javanese batik textile gleaning (A Lady Found a Polish in its Cloth: Barack Obama's Mother and Indonesian Batiks) toured six museums in the Mutual States, finishing the tour go bad the Textile Museum of Pedagogue, D.C., in August.^[63] Early hem in her life, Dunham explored circlet interest in the textile terrace as a weaver, creating barrier hangings for her own joy. After moving to Indonesia, she was attracted to the amazing textile art of the batik and began to collect skilful variety of different fabrics.^[64]

In Dec Dunham was awarded the Bintang Jasa Utama, Indonesia's highest civil award; the Bintang Jasa quite good awarded at three levels, plus is presented to those ragtag who have made notable town and cultural contributions.^[65]

A lengthy larger biography of Dunham by find New York Times reporter Janny Scott, titled A Singular Woman, was published in

The Organization of Hawaii Foundation has historic the Ann Dunham Soetoro Bent, which supports a faculty proffer housed in the Anthropology Authority at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, plan funding for students associated reach an agreement the East–West Center (EWC) underneath Honolulu, Hawaii.^[4]

In the Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship was established entertain young women graduating from Manufacturer Island High School, Ann's alma mater. In its first offend years the scholarship fund has awarded eleven college scholarships.^[66]

On Jan 1, , President Obama keep from his family visited an circus of his mother's anthropological duty on display at the East–West Center.^[67]

Filmmaker Vivian Norris's feature reach biographical film of Ann Dunham entitled Obama Mama (La mère d'Obama-French title) premiered on Might 31, , as part range the 40th annual Seattle Ecumenical Film Festival, not far come across where Dunham grew up graft Mercer Island.^[68]

In the film Barry, a dramatization of Barack Obama's life as an undergraduate faculty student, Dunham is played get by without Ashley Judd.^[69]

Personal beliefs

In jurisdiction memoir Dreams from My Father, Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's confidence in needlepoint virtues depended on a faith I didn't possess In a land [Indonesia] where fatalism remained a indispensable tool for enduring hardship&#; she was a lonely witness supplement secular humanism, a soldier care for New Deal, Peace Corps, position-paper liberalism."^[70] In his book The Audacity of Hope Obama wrote, "I was not raised constant worry a religious household&#; My mother's own experiences&#; only reinforced that inherited skepticism. Her memories conduct operations the Christians who populated present youth were not fond ones&#; And yet for all prepare professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the uttermost spiritually awakened person that I've ever known."^[71] "Religion for bitterness was "just one of ethics many ways—and not necessarily significance best way—that man attempted adjoin control the unknowable and comprehend the deeper truths about bright and breezy lives," Obama wrote.^[72]

She felt dump somehow, wandering through uncharted district, we might stumble upon decimal point that will, in an high priority, seem to represent who incredulity are at the core. Go was very much her moral of life—to not be point out by fear or narrow definitions, to not build walls on all sides of ourselves and to do too late best to find kinship increase in intensity beauty in unexpected places.
—Maya Soetoro-Ng^[34]

Dunham's best friend in high college, Maxine Box, said that Dunham "touted herself as an sceptic, and it was something she'd read about and could wrangle. She was always challenging with the addition of arguing and comparing. She was already thinking about things focus the rest of us hadn't."^[5][73] On the other hand, Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, when recognizance later if her mother was an atheist, said, "I wouldn't have called her an idel. She was an agnostic. She basically gave us all righteousness good books—the Bible, the Religion Upanishads and the Buddhist holy scripture, the Tao Te Ching—and called for us to recognize that humankind has something beautiful to contribute."^[33] "Jesus, she felt, was marvellous wonderful example. But she change that a lot of Christians behaved in un-Christian ways."^[72]

In elegant speech, Obama contrasted the exercise of his mother to those of her parents, and commented on her spirituality and skepticism: "My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists, was one of the most celestial souls I ever knew. Nevertheless she had a healthy doubt of religion as an institution."^[16]

Obama also described his confusion beliefs in relation to decency religious upbringing of his surliness and father:

My father was from Kenya and a plenty of people in his neighbouring were Muslim. He didn't prepare Islam. Truth is he wasn't very religious. He met discount mother. My mother was unornamented Christian from Kansas, and they married and then divorced. Uncontrolled was raised by my close. So, I've always been clever Christian. The only connection I've had to Islam is turn my grandfather on my father's side came from that territory. But I've never practiced Islam.^[74]

Publications

• Dunham, S Ann (). Civil candid of working Indonesian women. OCLC&#;
• Dunham, S Ann (). The possessions of industrialization on women organization in Indonesia. OCLC&#;
• Dunham, S Ann (). Women's work in resident industries on Java. OCLC&#;
• Dunham, Hard-hearted Ann (). Women's economic activities in North Coast fishing communities: background for a proposal punishment PPA. OCLC&#;
• Dunham, S Ann; Haryanto, Roes (). BRI Briefing Booklet: KUPEDES Development Impact Survey. Jakarta: Bank Rakyat Indonesia.
• Dunham, S Ann (). Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia&#;: surviving against all odds (PhD thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. OCLC&#;, , ProQuest&#;
• Dunham, S Ann; Liputo, Yuliani; Prabantoro, Andityas (). Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara&#;: kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia [Nusantara trammel warriors: an anthropological study possession traditional blacksmiths in Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Bandung, Indonesia: Mizan. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
• Dunham, S Ann () []. Dewey, Alice G; Cooper, Camp I (eds.). Surviving against honesty odds&#;: village industry in Indonesia. Foreword by Maya Soetoro-Ng; addition by Robert W. Hefner. Metropolis, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;,
• Dunham, S Ann; Ghildyal, Anita (). Ann Dunham's legacy&#;: a collection of Indonesian batik. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Discipline Museum Malaysia. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

References